RNC – Health Page

Many years ago, I wrote about the benefits of juicing. While it retains the nutrients of the produce, as time went on I realized that this may not be the best way to maximize what fruits and vegetables have to offer. That’s because juicing removes one key component from plant-based foods — dietary fiber, which is essential for optimal digestive health. Study Reveals the Downsides to Juicing Fruits and Veggies In a study published in Nutrients, researchers examined how juicing fruits and vegetables affect the composition of both gut and oral microbiomes, which are two important components for overall health. Specifically, they examined the consequences of removing fiber — which happens when juicing fruits and vegetables — and how this impacts microbial diversity and overall gut function.1 • Setting up the framework — Participants in the study included healthy adults with varying dietary habits, split into three groups. The first one consumed only juice, the second consumed juice plus whole foods and the third group only ate whole, plant-based foods. To analyze their oral and gut microbiomes, gene-sequencing methods were used on saliva, cheek swabs and stool samples before, during and after trials.2 • Creating a baseline — In addition, a three-day elimination diet was performed to create a baseline for all participants, which consisted of “organic fresh fruits, vegetables, gluten-free whole grains, eggs and eight glasses of water a day.” All of them were also instructed to avoid alcohol, caffeine, sugar, processed foods, dairy, red meat and glutenous foods. • Results of the study — Based on the data collated, participants who consumed higher amounts of fiber saw an increase in beneficial microbes associated with gut lining protection and anti-inflammatory properties, while lower fiber intake led to a decrease in microbial diversity and an increase in bacteria linked to inflammation and metabolic dysfunction.3 What Happens When You Take Out Dietary Fiber? In the juice-only group, researchers noted increased levels in the following bacterial strains in the gut — Porphyromonadaceae, Rikenellaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, Alcaligenaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae. • Impact of inflammatory bacteria strains — These five strains are linked to pro-inflammatory effects that affect your health in different ways. “The Alcaligeneceae family has been positively correlated with cognitive impairment. The Porphyromonadaceae, Rikenellaceae and Coriobacteriaceae families have also been found to be overrepresented in stressed mice induced into a depression-like state. Finally, Porphyromonadaceae and Odoribacteraceae have been correlated with anxiety-like behavior and increased gut permeability and inflammatory markers in aged mice,” the researchers said.4 • The elimination diet already provided benefits — Another notable discovery was how the elimination diet affected the Bacteroides and Firmicutes populations in the participants’ guts. Specifically, the researchers noted a slight increase in Bacteroides uniformis.5 • Improved athletic performance — In a different study, increasing the presence of Bacteroides uniformis led to an increased endurance in long-distance runners, as well as better fitness in test mice. While the study wasn’t able to trace the exact mechanism of how this occurs, the researchers theorized that the increased presence of Bacteroides uniformis works by mediating hepatic endogenous glucose production.6 The Lack of Fiber Affects SCFA Production and Gut Permeability Beyond bacterial composition, the study also examined how the different diets they tested influenced SCFA (short-chain fatty acid) production. The researchers found that participants consuming more fiber had significantly higher SCFA levels (particularly the elimination diet), whereas those with lower fiber intake showed reduced SCFA production.7 • The role of SCFAs — SCFAs help regulate inflammation and maintain a healthy gut barrier. Without them, your gut becomes more susceptible to harmful bacteria and inflammatory responses. • Importance of butyrate — The elimination diet increased Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a strain that produces butyrate, which is an important SCFA that nourishes your gut in several ways. As noted by the researchers, “Butyrate is a main energy source for the colonocytes with protective properties against colorectal cancer (CRC) and immune-inflammatory chronic diseases like inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and Crohn’s disease.”8 • Lack of fiber negatively impacts gut integrity — Participants in the juice-only group had noticeable changes in their gut microbiome, specifically increased pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, “the gut microbiota also showed an increase in taxa associated with gut permeability, inflammation and cognitive decline.” What makes this worse is that these changes occurred in just three weeks.9 • Increased fiber intake benefits gut barrier integrity — Participants with a higher fiber intake had stronger gut barriers,10 reducing the risk of leaky gut syndrome,11 a condition where harmful substances pass through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream, triggering immune responses and systemic inflammation.12 According to the researchers, much of the barrier’s strength comes from the increase in probiotics that ferment dietary fiber, thus increasing the butyrate levels in the gut.13 Taken altogether, this study provides strong evidence that fiber is foundational for gut health, in large part by supporting beneficial bacteria and SCFA production. Removing fiber, as happens with juicing, disrupts these critical processes, creating an environment that favors inflammation and metabolic dysfunction.14 Is It Time to Reconsider Juicing? Within the context of the study, it’s clear that dietary fiber is an important component to digestive health, and juicing instantly negates all the benefits. A lack of fiber in the diet has been linked to dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut bacteria that contributes to inflammation, metabolic disorders and weakened immune defenses. • The verdict on juicing — According to their official press release by the authors, “Juicing strips away much of the fiber in whole fruits and vegetables, which feeds beneficial bacteria that produce anti-inflammatory compounds such as butyrate. Without fiber, sugar-loving bacteria can multiply. The high sugar content in juice further fuels these harmful bacteria, disrupting the gut and oral microbiome. The study also suggests that reduced fiber intake may impact metabolism, immunity and even mental health.”15 • The role of fiber in gut health — Fiber acts as a prebiotic, meaning it feeds the probiotics (beneficial bacteria) living in your gut that ultimately contribute to improved digestive health.16 When you strip fiber away by juicing, you shift the microbiome’s balance, despite taking in the vitamins, minerals and bioactive compounds found in the juice. Other beneficial probiotics not mentioned in this study, such as Akkermansia muciniphila, also rely on fiber to maintain gut lining integrity, as well as producing butyrate. The Impact of Juicing on the Oral Microbiome Like your gut, your mouth also contains a mixture of microbes, both good and bad, and dietary factors such as lack of fiber affect this balance as well. Moreover, the oral microbiome experiences shifts faster than the gut microbiome since it immediately interacts with food, according to the Nutrients study. • The importance of beneficial bacteria on oral health — The elimination diet, which consisted of whole, healthy foods, had a positive effect on the oral microbiome. “Despite the potential health risks observed with the elimination diet in the oral microbiota with increased Proteobacteria, an inflammatory microbe, Neisseria sp. and Haemophilus parainfluenzae were both also detected at higher levels. These taxa are both commonly isolated from the mouth of healthy individuals and are not typically associated with oral disease, with Neisseria sp. also reported to have a possible physiological role in preventing colonization of potential pathogens,” the researchers said.17 • The science behind the downsides of juicing — The researchers theorize that the shift is due to the sudden increase of simple sugars, leading to an increase in pathogenic bacteria as well.18 Juiced veggies flood the mouth with sugars without the natural buffering effects of fiber. This environment promotes bacterial overgrowth, increasing the risk of cavities and gum disease. In contrast, whole foods require chewing that stimulates saliva production. Strategies to Support Your Gut and Oral Microbiome Based on the published research, juicing alters both oral and gut microbiomes, which have clear implications for your health. To support these two crucial systems, adding dietary fiber is essential. Removing it by juicing disrupts the delicate balance of beneficial bacteria, weakens gut barrier function and increases inflammation. To counteract the lack of fiber, start with the most obvious step first — Prioritize eating whole fruits and vegetables over juicing. Whole fruits and vegetables give your body everything it needs — dietary fiber, polyphenols and structured water that hydrates without causing blood sugar spikes. Chewing also stimulates saliva production, which protects your oral microbiome from bacterial imbalances that lead to cavities and gum disease. Here’s are some other recommendations as well: 1. Blend your fruits and vegetables instead — Dr. Melinda Ring, co-author of the study, says blending is a viable alternative to juicing because it retains dietary fiber. But, if you still like to juice, Ring says that you’ll need to supplement it with whole foods “to balance the impact on your microbiome.”19 Also, if you juice fruits and veggies, don’t be too eager to finish your drink. Swallowing it too fast floods your system with sugar, overwhelming your microbiome and setting off inflammatory responses. Instead, sip juice slowly over time to avoid blood sugar spikes. 2. Increase fiber intake gradually to avoid digestive discomfort — Dietary fiber is an important component to nourishing beneficial gut bacteria and strengthening your gut lining. If you’ve been drinking juiced produce for a while, you’re likely low in fiber, so you’ll need to bump up your intake again, but don’t suddenly load up on it. An imbalanced gut microbiome needs time to adjust. Start with easier-to-digest options like ripe bananas, cooked carrots and well-cooked white rice before moving on to raw vegetables. Slowly increasing fiber intake prevents bloating, gas and discomfort while allowing your gut bacteria to rebuild. 3. Make pulp-containing juices — Another way to enjoy juiced fruits and veggies without changing their essence is to add pulp. It contains fiber, and retaining some of it in your drink will help your gut microbiome. Again, pulp-free juice delivers a sugar surge without the buffering effects of fiber, which disrupts your gut and oral microbiomes. 4. Focus on microbiome-supporting foods — Support your gut microbiome with probiotic-rich foods that nourish the beneficial bacteria already living in your gut. I recommend sauerkraut, kimchi and grass fed raw dairy (if tolerated), such as kefir and yogurt. Once your gut is able, add fiber sources, such as apples, sweet potatoes and squash to help nourish your gut microbiome. Also remember to avoid vegetable oils and ultraprocessed foods and drinks, as these damage your microbiome. Frequently Asked Questions on the Impact of Juicing on Oral and Gut Health Q: How does juicing affect gut health? A: Juicing removes dietary fiber, which is essential for a healthy gut microbiome. A lack of fiber leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory bacteria associated with gut permeability, metabolic disorders and even cognitive decline. In contrast, consuming whole plant-based foods supports beneficial gut bacteria, increases short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and strengthens the gut barrier, thus reducing inflammation. Q: What are the downsides of juicing compared to eating whole fruits and vegetables? A: Without fiber, pathogenic bacteria multiply, leading to inflammation, metabolic dysfunction and gut microbiome imbalances. Additionally, juicing floods the system with sugars without the natural buffering effect of fiber, which leads to blood sugar spikes and increased harmful bacterial growth in the mouth and gut. Q: How does juicing impact the oral microbiome? A: Juiced fruits and vegetables introduce a high sugar load into the mouth without fiber, which fuels pathogenic bacteria. This increases the risk of cavities, gum disease and oral microbiome imbalances. In contrast, chewing whole foods stimulates saliva production, which helps maintain a healthy oral environment and prevents bacterial overgrowth. Q: What are healthier alternatives to juicing? A: Blending fruits and vegetables is a better option than juicing because it retains dietary fiber. Another alternative is making pulp-rich juices, which help slow sugar absorption and support gut health. If juicing is still preferred, it needs to be balanced with its whole food counterparts to maintain fiber intake and minimize negative effects on the microbiome. Q: How can you improve your gut and oral health if you have been juicing frequently? A: To restore gut and oral microbiome balance, gradually increase fiber intake with whole foods like bananas, cooked carrots and squash to avoid digestive discomfort. Incorporate probiotic-rich foods like sauerkraut, kimchi and kefir to nourish beneficial bacteria. Avoid vegetable oils and processed foods, which harm gut health.

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions worldwide. It’s characterized by motor symptoms like tremors and slow movement, but also includes non-motor symptoms such as cognitive decline and, surprisingly, hearing loss. These non-motor symptoms often appear years before the more recognizable motor issues, making them valuable indicators of risk. A study published in Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, using data from the UK Biobank, revealed a 57% increase in Parkinson’s risk for every 10-decibel increase in baseline hearing impairment.1 This means that even slight difficulties understanding speech amidst other noise could signal a heightened risk for developing Parkinson’s. Previous research also showed that hearing loss doubles or even triples the risk of dementia.2 The “common cause hypothesis” suggests that both hearing loss and dementia arise from the same underlying disease processes. These shared pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction and changes in certain proteins, are also implicated in Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, the possibility that hearing loss is an early indicator of Parkinson’s becomes even more compelling. How Is Hearing Impairment Linked to Parkinson’s Disease Risk? The Parkinsonism & Related Disorders study investigated the relationship between hearing impairment, measured through a speech-in-noise test, and the development of Parkinson’s.3 The study revealed a strong correlation between poorer hearing and a higher likelihood of being diagnosed with Parkinson’s. • Extensive data supports the findings — The researchers analyzed data from 159,395 individuals, tracking them over a period exceeding 14 years to see who developed Parkinson’s. One of the key strengths of this study is its large sample size and long follow-up period. • Hearing loss as an independent risk factor — By adjusting for factors like age, sex and education, the study aimed to isolate the effect of hearing impairment on Parkinson’s risk, strengthening the argument that hearing loss could be an independent risk factor for the disease. This suggests that the connection between hearing and Parkinson’s is not merely coincidental but likely indicative of shared underlying mechanisms. • Implications for early detection and care — According to study author Megan Readman from Lancaster University’s department of psychology:4 “These findings are incredibly important; first, this is one of the first studies to look at how hearing impairments may increase risk for Parkinson’s or be an early warning sign of Parkinson’s. Secondly, as our findings suggest, hearing loss is intricately related to Parkinson’s so it may be beneficial for auditory functioning and the management of auditory impairment to be considered at the time of diagnosis and follow-up care.” To learn more about Parkinson’s origins and its deeper connections to overall health, read “Research Shows Parkinson’s Disease Origins in the Gut.” Does Parkinson’s Disease Affect Hearing and Auditory Processing? A 2017 study published in BioMed Research International also explored the impact of Parkinson’s disease on both peripheral and central auditory functions.5 Here, the researchers compared hearing abilities between 35 individuals with Parkinson’s and a control group of 35 healthy adults of a similar age, focusing on how the disease affects not just hearing sensitivity but also the brain’s ability to process sounds. • Hearing issues in Parkinson’s patients often go unnoticed — The findings of this study are important, as hearing tests are not routinely included in Parkinson’s evaluations,6 and assessments of central auditory processing are not likely to be administered at all. This means many patients experience hearing difficulties without proper diagnosis or intervention. • Comprehensive hearing assessments — Participants underwent a series of assessments, including questionnaires about their hearing experiences, neuropsychological tests to evaluate cognitive function, standard audiometric testing to measure hearing sensitivity and a battery of tests designed to assess central auditory processing.7 This comprehensive approach allowed the researchers to examine hearing from multiple angles, looking at both the ear’s ability to detect sound and the brain’s ability to interpret it. • Parkinson’s impacts speech comprehension — Both groups exhibited age-related hearing loss, which is a common finding. However, the Parkinson’s group reported significantly more difficulty hearing words spoken by people, a key aspect of communication.8 This suggests that Parkinson’s might be impacting their ability to understand speech, even beyond what could be explained by typical age-related changes in hearing. • Central auditory processing difficulties — The study found Parkinson’s patients also struggled with processing sounds, particularly in understanding speech in noisy environments, distinguishing between similar sounds and processing auditory information quickly and accurately.9 These deficits suggest that Parkinson’s affects auditory pathways in the brain, impacting their ability to effectively process and interpret sounds.10 These findings highlight the significant impact of auditory challenges on daily life, making conversations challenging and contributing to social isolation. What’s the Link Between Hearing Loss, Dementia and Parkinson’s Disease? In related news, a 2024 study published in Medicina investigated the complex relationships among hearing loss, dementia, Parkinson’s and the APOE genotype, which raises Alzheimer’s disease risk.11 The researchers explored how hearing loss impacts cognitive impairment, Parkinson’s severity and the expression of the APOE gene, which plays a role in neuronal health. This study is unique because it directly compares these three conditions based on APOE gene expression. • Thorough participant evaluation — The study enrolled 72 outpatients diagnosed with either Parkinson’s or hearing loss. Participants underwent a thorough hearing assessment, cognitive function tests and an evaluation of Parkinson’s severity. Blood samples were also collected to analyze APOE gene expression. • Hearing loss progresses alongside cognitive and motor decline — Patients with dementia had significantly worse hearing thresholds compared to those without dementia. Similarly, individuals with severe Parkinson’s also exhibited poorer hearing thresholds and a higher prevalence of dementia compared to those with mild Parkinson’s. • APOE ε4 allele and cognitive decline — The researchers found that individuals carrying the APOE ε4 allele, a specific variant of the gene, had a higher prevalence of dementia. This finding aligns with previous research highlighting the APOE ε4 allele as a risk factor for cognitive decline.12 While the study didn’t find a direct link between the APOE ε4 allele and Parkinson’s severity, its association with dementia suggests a broader impact on neurodegenerative processes. To learn more about how sensory impairments relate to dementia, read “The Curious Link Between Dementia and Sensory Impairments.” Five Proactive Strategies to Protect Your Hearing and Brain Health The research is clear — hearing impairment is linked to an increased risk of Parkinson’s. This connection highlights the importance of taking proactive steps to protect both your hearing and your brain health. Mitochondrial dysfunction, a key driver of neurodegeneration, is a central factor in this relationship. By focusing on supporting your mitochondria, you improve cellular energy, a cornerstone of chronic disease prevention. Here are five steps to boost your cellular power and protect your long-term health. 1. Eliminate processed foods and vegetable oils — I recommend steering clear of vegetable oils like corn, soybean, safflower and canola. These oils, found widely in processed foods, are high in linoleic acid (LA), which interferes with mitochondrial function, hindering your cells’ ability to produce energy. Focus on whole foods, like fresh fruits, grass fed butter or tallow, and collagen-rich proteins, instead. When dining out, always ask what oils are used and avoid dishes made with vegetable oils. This dietary shift helps safeguard your mitochondria from accumulating damage, supporting long-term brain health. 2. Make smart carb choices — The right carbohydrates are key for consistent energy, especially for your brain cells. If your gut health is compromised, start with easily digestible options like white rice or whole fruits. Gradually introduce more fiber-rich carbs as your gut heals. Aim for around 250 grams per day, adjusting as needed to match your activity level. Very active individuals require more carbohydrates to support energy production. This helps prevent mitochondrial stress caused by a low-carb diet. 3. Minimize toxin exposure — Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in plastics, excess estrogen and constant exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) interfere with cellular energy production. These toxins build up over time, reducing mitochondrial efficiency, so it’s important to take steps to limit your exposure. Consider switching to natural household products, storing food in glass containers and creating an EMF-free sleep environment to allow your cells to rest and recharge overnight. Reducing your overall toxin load lessens the burden on your body and brain. 4. Embrace the sun safely — Regular sun exposure is important for cellular energy production. It stimulates mitochondrial melatonin, a potent antioxidant. However, until you’ve been seed-oil free for at least six months, avoid direct sun exposure during peak hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m. in most U.S. areas), as the LA stored in your tissues makes you more susceptible to sunburn. 5. Boost NAD+ levels — Supplement with niacinamide (50 milligrams, three times a day) to boost NAD+ levels. NAD+ is important for mitochondrial energy production, healthy cell death signaling and a robust immune response, helping your body identify and eliminate damaged cells. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Parkinson’s Disease and Hearing Loss Q: Is hearing loss an early warning sign of Parkinson’s disease? A: Yes. Research shows that hearing loss appears years before motor symptoms. A study found that for every 10-decibel increase in hearing impairment, Parkinson’s risk increased by 57%. Q: How does Parkinson’s affect hearing and speech comprehension? A: Parkinson’s impairs both hearing sensitivity and the brain’s ability to process sounds. Patients often struggle to understand speech in noisy environments and distinguish between similar sounds, even when standard hearing tests appear normal. Q: What’s the connection between hearing loss, dementia and Parkinson’s? A: Hearing loss is a well-known risk factor for dementia. A study also found that individuals with severe Parkinson’s had a higher prevalence of dementia and worse hearing thresholds, suggesting overlapping neurodegenerative mechanisms. Q: How can I improve my hearing and brain health naturally? A: Avoid ultraprocessed foods and vegetable oils, eat nutrient-dense carbohydrates, limit toxin exposure, get safe sun exposure and supplement with niacinamide to boost your mitochondrial function and protect against neurodegeneration.

For years, billions of dollars in research funding and drug development have focused on amyloid plaques as the primary cause of Alzheimer’s disease. Drug companies designed treatments to target these plaques, yet clinical trials failed to produce meaningful results — and a recent discovery may explain why. A landmark Alzheimer’s study that shaped nearly two decades of research has been retracted due to manipulated images, calling into question the foundation of one of the most dominant theories in Alzheimer’s research. The study introduced a specific form of amyloid beta protein as a major driver of memory loss. However, the images that “proved” this protein’s existence were altered — and now, the entire claim is unraveling. If the amyloid beta never existed — or was never the Alzheimer’s trigger researchers thought it was — then millions of research dollars have been misspent and patients have been led down the wrong path, wasting valuable time and money on ineffective treatments. If the data behind a widely accepted theory has been falsified, then what else in the field might be based on unreliable evidence? If fabricated data can influence a field as critical as Alzheimer’s research, can we trust that medical science is getting it right? Landmark Alzheimer’s Study Exposed for Data Manipulation In July 2022, an investigative report published in Science1 uncovered manipulated images in a 2006 landmark Alzheimer’s study published in the journal Nature. This study2 introduced the amyloid beta protein Aβ*56 (pronounced “amyloid beta star 56”) as a key driver of memory loss. • Landmark study influenced Alzheimer’s research for nearly two decades — Aside from being widely cited, it also shaped funding decisions, drug development and clinical trials. • Forensic image analysis has revealed that the data was altered — This called into question not only the validity of the findings of that individual paper, but also the integrity of the broader amyloid hypothesis. • The study claimed that Aβ*56 was directly linked to memory impairment in mice — Led by neuroscientist Sylvain Lesné of the University of Minnesota, the study was a groundbreaking assertion at the time, as it suggested a new pathway for treatment. Researchers assumed that targeting this protein could slow or even halt Alzheimer’s progression.3 • Evidence of manipulation became evident — When Vanderbilt University physician and neuroscientist Matthew Schrag began investigating in 2021, he found unmistakable signs of image manipulation. Key Western blot images (a protein identification method) were duplicated, altered, or spliced to fit Lesné’s hypothesis. According to the Science article, “Some Alzheimer’s experts now suspect Lesné’s studies have misdirected Alzheimer’s research for 16 years.”4 • Other forensic image analysts came to the same conclusion — Molecular biologist Elisabeth Bik and independent consultant Jana Christopher also reviewed Schrag’s findings and confirmed that many of the images in Lesné’s papers were manipulated. Some figures appeared to have been pieced together from different experiments, and in some cases, protein bands were copied and pasted to fabricate results.5 • This deception made Aβ*56 seem far more significant than it actually was — Alzheimer’s experts are now even questioning its existence. According to Science, multiple labs have failed to detect Aβ*56 despite attempts to replicate Lesné’s findings.6 Decades of Alzheimer’s Research Built on a Faulty Foundation It now appears Lesné’s fabrications have misdirected an entire field of research. Scientists worldwide built on this faulty data, spending millions in funding and years of work on follow-up studies and clinical trials. If Aβ*56 is nothing more than a fabrication, then countless studies using it as a foundation are likely invalid as well.7 • Failure to catch this fraud earlier raises troubling questions about scientific oversight — Journals, institutions, and peer reviewers all failed to identify these manipulated images for nearly two decades. “The Nature paper has been cited in about 2,300 scholarly articles — more than all but four other Alzheimer’s basic research reports published since 2006, according to the Web of Science database,” Science reports.8 • Prestigious journals used multiple research papers with fabricated data — The Journal of Neuroscience, for example, published multiple papers from Lesné that contained doctored images, yet it was only after Schrag’s investigation that concerns were raised. • Even after being alerted, some journals hesitated to act — John Forsayeth, a top Alzheimer’s researcher, admitted, “Journals and granting institutions don’t know how to deal with image manipulation.”9 • Even more concerning, the University of Minnesota’s internal review did not find evidence of research misconduct for at least two of the questioned images — This raises the issue of whether institutions are capable of objectively investigating their own researchers, especially when funding and reputation are on the line. Independent experts argue that these cases need external oversight to prevent conflicts of interest from interfering with scientific accountability.10 It’s the Patients Who Ultimately Pay the Price The implications for Alzheimer’s patients and their families are devastating. Decades of research focused on amyloid-targeting treatments, largely based on studies like this one, have failed to yield effective therapies. Meanwhile, other promising research avenues — such as inflammation, metabolic dysfunction and immune system involvement — have been sidelined.11 • Schrag’s investigation has forced re-examination of journals — Researchers are now scrutinizing other studies published by Lesné, and some papers have already been corrected or retracted. However, the process is slow, and many of these flawed studies continue to be cited. • Experts warn that this case may be just the tip of the iceberg — Scientific fraud is notoriously difficult to detect, and journals often lack the resources or willingness to properly investigate suspicious data. • This issue opens greater concerns about biomedical science integrity — The collapse of this study doesn’t just undermine confidence in Alzheimer’s research, but also raises larger concerns about the integrity of biomedical science. If a fabricated study can go undetected for nearly 20 years in one of the most heavily funded fields, how many other areas of research have been similarly compromised? And more importantly, how many patients have suffered because of these scientific misdirections? The scientific community now faces an urgent reckoning, not just in correcting the past but in ensuring that future research is held to higher standards of accountability and transparency. Senior Author Agrees to Redact Faulty Alzheimer’s Study After nearly two years of scrutiny, one of the authors of the compromised study has spoken up and agreed to retract it. Having been cited nearly 2,500 times, the paper is now set to become one of the most-cited retractions in scientific history.12 • Co-author admits to data manipulation — Karen Ashe, the senior author of the study and a neuroscientist at the University of Minnesota, admitted that some of the figures in the study were in fact manipulated. On the journal discussion site PubPeer, she wrote: “Although I had no knowledge of any image manipulations in the published paper until it was brought to my attention two years ago, it is clear that several of the figures in Lesné et al. (2006) have been manipulated … for which I as the senior and corresponding author take ultimate responsibility.”13 • However, she insists that the conclusions of the study remain valid — Many researchers have openly challenged this claim. Ashe continues to defend her work, recently publishing a new study in Science that she claims confirms the findings of the 2006 paper. However, Schrag and other independent researchers have strongly disputed these claims, stating that the new data is just as unreliable as the original study. • A flaw in the peer review process — Journals rely on peer review to assess the validity of studies, but image analysis is often not part of this process. As a result, fraudulent or manipulated data can pass through undetected, influencing entire fields of research before anyone takes a closer look. • Lead author rejects the retraction — Lesné, who is actually Ashe’s protégé, has not agreed to the retraction. He remains a professor at the University of Minnesota while continuing to receive funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). • University claims that “no research misconduct occurred” — This raises serious concerns about institutional bias, as universities have financial and reputational interests in protecting their faculty members. Independent experts argue that such investigations should be handled by third-party organizations to ensure transparency and accountability. Furthermore, scientific journals have been slow to react — many waited for the University of Minnesota’s internal investigation to conclude before deciding on retractions. This cautious approach has frustrated researchers who believe immediate action is needed. Donna Wilcock, a neuroscientist at Indiana University and editor of the Alzheimer’s & Dementia journal, said: “It’s unfortunate that it has taken 2 years to make the decision to retract. The evidence of manipulation was overwhelming.”14 How to Protect Yourself from Misinformation in Medical Research If you or a loved one is dealing with Alzheimer’s — or any other chronic condition — you deserve real answers based on solid science. Unfortunately, flawed studies and misleading claims are common, making it crucial to evaluate research critically. While no method guarantees accuracy, the following strategies can help you distinguish reliable science from marketing hype. • Question the source — Headlines rarely tell the whole story. Instead of accepting claims at face value, ask: Who funded the research? Has the study been replicated? Do independent researchers confirm the results? Pharmaceutical companies and news outlets often promote studies that align with financial interests. Always look beyond the surface before believing a new “breakthrough.” • Follow the money and recognize bias — Many Alzheimer’s drugs have failed in clinical trials, yet funding continues to flow toward amyloid-targeting treatments. Studies that conveniently support billion-dollar drug markets while dismissing simple, lifestyle-based solutions should raise red flags. • Think critically and stay proactive — The exposure of scientific fraud in Alzheimer’s research proves that blind trust in the system is dangerous. Be your own advocate: Read studies critically. Seek multiple perspectives. Pay attention to researchers who challenge mainstream narratives. The most effective solutions are often the simplest ones — those rooted in diet, movement, and a supportive environment. Strategies to Support Brain Health Instead of relying on questionable pharmaceutical interventions, focus on evidence-based lifestyle choices that nourish and protect your brain. • Optimize your diet for cellular energy — Your brain depends on proper fuel to function. Key dietary strategies include: ◦ Eliminating processed foods and seed oils that promote inflammation. ◦ Reducing exposure to environmental toxins like plastics and heavy metals. ◦ Prioritizing high-quality animal proteins, with one-third of intake as collagen. ◦ Consuming 250 to 300 grams of well-tolerated carbohydrates daily to support brain function. • Optimize your mitochondrial function — Poor mitochondrial health is linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. To support energy production in the brain: ◦ Get daily sunlight exposure, ideally at solar noon. ◦ Avoid seed oils and excessive polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs), which impair mitochondrial function. ◦ Consider pharmaceutical-grade methylene blue under professional guidance. ◦ Maintain stable blood sugar by eating enough carbs and avoiding prolonged fasting. Misinformation in medical research is real, but you don’t have to fall for it. By questioning science and prioritizing foundational health strategies, you can make informed choices that truly support brain function. The truth is out there — you just have to be willing to look for it. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Landmark Alzheimer’s Study Retraction Q: Why was the 2006 Alzheimer’s study retracted? A: The study, published in Nature, was retracted after investigators found manipulated images, raising doubts about the validity of its findings. It introduced Aβ*56, a form of amyloid beta, as a cause of memory loss, but forensic analysis revealed data fabrication, questioning the protein’s existence. Q: How did this fraudulent study impact Alzheimer’s research? A: The study heavily influenced Alzheimer’s research for nearly two decades, leading to billions of dollars in funding for amyloid-targeting treatments. However, these treatments largely failed, and alternative causes of Alzheimer’s, such as metabolic dysfunction and inflammation, were overlooked. Q: Why did it take so long to uncover the data manipulation? A: Scientific journals, institutions and peer reviewers failed to detect the fraudulent images for almost 20 years. The University of Minnesota’s internal review did not initially find misconduct, highlighting concerns about institutional bias and the need for independent oversight in scientific investigations. Q: What does this mean for Alzheimer’s patients and their families? A: Patients have been misled into pursuing ineffective amyloid-targeting treatments, while potential alternative therapies were neglected. Families should critically evaluate medical research, question funding sources and stay informed about emerging treatment approaches. Q: How can we ensure the reliability of medical research? A: Patients and researchers must scrutinize studies by assessing funding sources, checking for independent verification, and questioning results that align with financial interests. Transparency, independent oversight, and a shift toward broader Alzheimer’s research beyond amyloid plaques are essential for future progress. Test Your Knowledge with Today’s Quiz! Take today’s quiz to see how much you’ve learned from yesterday’s Mercola.com article. How can you slow osteoarthritis progression and reduce joint inflammation? Boost vitamin K1 intake through leafy greens to manage joint inflammation Increase vitamin K2 intake with supplements alone to target cartilage health Adopt a low-impact exercise routine to ease joint stress without dietary changes Boost vitamin K2 intake with foods, supplements and lifestyle changes Increasing vitamin K2 through foods, supplements and healthy lifestyle changes reduces inflammation and slows osteoarthritis progression, offering a powerful way to preserve your joint health. Learn more.

“Live in the sunshine, swim the sea, drink the wild air.” ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson The ocean is a gift from nature. More people are drawn to her shores than anywhere else in the world. Ralph Waldo Emerson saw nature’s beauty as a representation of the divine and a source of our soul’s connection to the “Universal Soul.” Emerson perceived the sacred in the natural world and believed all living beings are connected to one another and the universe as a whole. Gazing out over the vast ocean, I realize the oceans were here billions of years before me and will continue to be here billions of years after I’m gone. It’s a glimpse of the divine unfolding before me. Being close to nature through coastal living is a dream life for many, including myself, as evidenced by thousands of people taking beach vacations every year. The Center for Conservation Biology claims: “180 million Americans make 2 billion visits to beaches — more than twice as many as to all national and state parklands combined.” Yes, the views are spectacular and incredibly calming, but there’s more to it than that. There’s something in the air. Ions in the Air Have you ever wondered why you feel so good, invigorated, and fearless even after a nice long walk on the beach or a day out in the fresh sea air? Or maybe it was an exhilarating springtime thunderstorm, a visit to a waterfall, or a hike high in the mountains. Why is that? The sights and scents of the natural world can give people a feel-good effect. However, negative air ions are the invisible ingredient in our experience. According to Pierce J. Howard, Ph.D., the director of research and development for the Center for Applied Cognitive Studies in Charlotte, North Carolina: “Negative ions help decrease unhealthy particles in the air.” I like to think of negative ions as nature’s way of cleansing the air. Science tells us these electrically charged molecules tend to concentrate in electrically polarized areas, such as after a lightning storm, in the mountains, forests, waterfalls, and oceans. What Is an Ion? Here is a quick review of high school chemistry. An ion is a molecule with a positive or negative charge. It can be created by gaining or losing electrons. Electrons have a negative charge, while protons have a positive charge. If an atom gains an electron, it has more electrons than protons, creating a negatively charged atom of an element. All this happens at the molecular level; you can’t see it, but it’s there. The Center for Environmental Therapeutics explains it this way: “Physical measurements reveal the oxygen in the air (O2) takes on a tiny negative electrical charge, making it O2⎺.” These particles are enveloped by microdroplets of moisture, H2O, which help maintain the charge until O2⎺ is attracted to a neutralizing surface. The arrangement of O2⎺ molecules enveloped by moisture is called “superoxide,” or “fresh air.” Sometimes, you can smell it in the air. Negative Ions and Mood The negative air ions can positively affect our mental health. Many times in my life, I found my mood and physical well-being enhanced by my natural environment. Two places in particular had this noticeable effect. Of course, whenever I go to the beach, which is often because I live at the shore and have most of my life. And unexpectedly, when we visited Greece. Greece is a land steeped in ancient history and natural beauty. Part of our visit led us to explore the picturesque villages of Delphi and Arachova, nestled in the rugged mountain cliffs of the Peloponnese region. As impressive as the archaeological sites in Athens were, they were not the only Ancient Greek wonders. Delphi was once thought to be the center of the world or the naval center of the earth. The Oracle of Delphi was a priestess who sat in the center of the Apollo Temple and gave advice and prophecies to ancient Greek leaders. It’s a highly spiritual place with amazing energy. You can feel it, and you can feel the spirits of the ones who came before you. It’s the most spiritual place I’ve ever been to. For the Greeks, divinity was closely connected to nature. Although we can’t see the negative or mineral-rich air ions, breathing them in has positive effects. The Peloponnese mountains are made of limestone and are rich in magnesium and calcium. Meanwhile, the sea air is rich in iodine, magnesium, and salt. Of course, vitamin D from sunlight does wonders for our state of mind, and magnesium is well known for improving mood. Scientific Evidence Empirical science attempts to quantify a way of knowing that existed long before the discipline of science. I love science, but I also love our intuitive knowing; the two are not exclusive of one another. The universe always speaks to us; we only need to understand its language. Michael Terman, a psychology professor at Columbia University, studied the relationship between negative ions and depression. Michael Terman and his group conducted a study1 that found high-density negative air ionization can counter the symptoms of seasonal affective disorder. The International Journal of Molecular Science published a study2 reviewing 100 years of studies on negative air ions and their effect on health. “Superoxide ions are key members of NAIs (negative air ions) and have been involved in the biological effects of NAIs by regulating the serotonin level and other biological actions but some reports showed no significant effect of NAIs on the concentration or turnover of serotonin.” I’m going to let my experience be the deciding factor here. Here’s a fun fact. You can generate negative air ions at home by showering. All those fast-flowing water molecules bumping up against one another create enough friction to add electrons, creating your own blissful oasis of negative air ions. These shearing forces of water are called the “Lenard effect.” Maybe that’s why we get all these great ideas while showering. Nature’s Hidden Power What we can’t see is often more impactful than what we can see. So much goes on behind the scenes that helps explain how nature and our bodies work. I’ve been fascinated by these hidden and sometimes life-changing factors my entire life. The smallest elements create the most significant impact. That’s not just a cliché; it’s how the world works — the small things in life matter. I’ve seen this play out in many ways. In what seems like another lifetime, I taught my fellow critical care nurses the particulars of arterial blood gases. These measure the body’s oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acid-base balance in arterial or oxygenated blood. The acid-base or pH system affects the body metabolically and is controlled by the lungs and kidneys. A healthy body manages this exact balance with ease. I also taught the specifics of fluid and electrolyte balances. Electrolytes are minerals with an electric charge that dissolve in water or body fluids, including blood. Being critically deficient or having an excess of an electrolyte can have a severe impact on one’s health. Just as acid-base and electrolyte balances occur at the cellular level, negative air ions occur at the molecular level. You can’t see them with the naked eye, but they’re there and critical to wellness and happiness. Modern life has hidden much of what we intrinsically know about our health and well-being. I suggest we deepen our connection with ourselves and develop each facet of our mind, body, and spirit. If we sit patiently, observe, and witness nature closely, we will always experience something magical. About Author Mary Ann Rollano is a writer, registered nurse, and award-winning tea specialist with 40 years of experience in health and wellness. Passionate about the four pillars of health — physical, emotional, spiritual, and social harmony — she blends her expertise in tea, herbs, and nutrition to inspire meaningful connections and happier, healthier lives. Connect with her through her Steeped Stories newsletter.

Diet1 and exercise2 are effective natural strategies to help protect your brain against neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia. But did you know that your oral microbiome, composed of different bacterial strains living in your mouth, also plays a role in protecting your brain? Oral Bacteria — The Missing Link for Dementia? A study published in PNAS Nexus investigated how specific bacteria in the mouth influence cognitive function and dementia risk. Specifically, researchers focused on the connection between the oral microbiome, nitric oxide (NO) production and cognitive performance, particularly in individuals with the APOE4 gene, a gene associated with heightened risk of Alzheimer’s disease (more on this later).3 • Framework of the study — The study involved 115 participants over 50 years old from the PROTECT study, an online cohort created to track the cognitive function of older adults across the United Kingdom.4 Saliva samples were collected from the participants, 52% of whom had healthy brain function, while 48% showed early signs of decline in memory and other brain functions.5 • Pathogenic bacteria increase your risk — After analysis, the study found that participants with higher levels of Prevotella intermedia — a bacterium commonly associated with gum disease6 — were more likely to experience cognitive impairment.7 • Beneficial bacteria lower your risk — In contrast, beneficial bacteria like Neisseria and Haemophilus were more abundant in those with better cognitive function. Interestingly, participants with the APOE4 gene had a distinct oral microbiome composition compared to non-carriers, highlighting a genetic aspect that influences dementia risk in this context. How Does Nitric Oxide Affect Your Oral Health? One notable discovery put forth by the researchers is the role of NO, a molecule crucial for vascular health and brain function, in the oral microbiome. Some bacteria in the mouth contribute to NO production, which helps maintain blood flow to the brain. • Higher NO leads to better brain health — In an article published in The Conversation, co-author Joanna L’Heureux, Ph.D. explained that,8 “People who had large numbers of two groups of bacteria called Neisseria and Haemophilus performed better in brain health tests. In particular, people with these bacteria had better memory, and better ability to pay attention and perform complex tasks. These people also had higher levels of the ion nitrite in their mouths. Nitrite is made by bacteria when they break down nitrate, which is a natural part of a vegetable-rich diet.”9 • Bacteria have the ability to produce NO — According to L’Heureux, “Bacteria can also break down nitrite to produce nitric oxide, which improves circulation, including blood flow to the brain. This suggests that eating lots of nitrate-rich vegetables, such as leafy green spinach and rocket, could boost levels of healthy bacteria and help improve brain health, which might be especially important as people age.”10 • The risks of having low NO levels — As noted in the PNAS Nexus study, poor NO levels have been linked to conditions like hypertension and stroke, both of which are known to increase dementia risk. According to the researchers, “During aging, endogenous NO production is reduced through decreased NOS gene expression and increased degradation of arginine, catalyzed by arginase, which is associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and risk of vascular Ad (Alzheimer’s disease).”11 • Decline takes years to happen — The researchers stress that the decline of oral health takes years, or even decades, before noticeable dementia symptoms appear. As noted in the PNAS Nexus study, the Prevotella strain acts as a pathogen that induces periodontitis, which, in turn, is implicated in the development of Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive impairment.12 Furthermore, antibodies produced against Prevotella bacteria have also been linked to Alzheimer’s disease, according to a 10-year follow-up study the researchers cited.13 The APOE4 Gene and the Blood-Brain Barrier For individuals with the APOE4 gene, the microbial imbalance is even more pronounced. • APOE4 gene lowers beneficial oral bacteria — Carriers of this gene had significantly lower levels of Neisseria. At the same time, their mouths harbored higher amounts of Prevotella intermedia. In addition, APOE4 carriers are also at risk for atherosclerosis, hypertension and skeletal muscle weakness. NO deficiency is also associated with these conditions.14 • Your blood-brain barrier is compromised — Chronic inflammation, driven by an imbalanced oral microbiome, has been shown to weaken the blood-brain barrier. This allows harmful bacteria and their metabolic byproducts to infiltrate the brain, triggering immune responses that accelerate neurodegeneration. And according to the researchers, the APOE4 gene “has been associated with weakening of the blood-brain barrier.”15 • How oral pathogens affect brain health — According to the authors, “The oral bacteria gain access to the circulatory system and then relocate to the brain by traversing the blood-brain barrier, which is increasingly permeable in Ad. Known oral disease-causing bacteria have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with a brain abscess, and P. gingivalis has been discovered in the brains of patients with Ad.”16 • Oral pathogens also enter other organ systems — In addition to crossing the blood-brain barrier, the authors noted that, “The oral bacteria may also indirectly affect the brain by impairing the oral mucosal barrier and allowing metabolites produced by the oral bacteria to enter the circulatory system or exacerbating inflammation through the overproduction of cytokines.”17 Five Ways to Maintain a Healthy Oral Microbiome for Optimal Brain Health The good news is that you can take control of your oral health by making a few key changes to your daily routine. Here are some practical recommendations: 1. Increase your intake of nitrate-rich foods — Certain bacteria in your mouth convert nitrates from food into NO. To ensure optimal production, make sure to eat foods high in natural nitrates like beets, arugula, spinach and celery. Furthermore, eating these foods in their natural form, rather than juicing them, will help maximize their nitrate-producing effects. 2. Cut out processed sugars and refined carbs — Harmful bacteria living in your mouth thrive on refined sugar.18 If you regularly eat or drink sugary foods, your oral microbiome will eventually become imbalanced. To get your oral microbiome back on track, swap out sugary snacks for real whole foods, such as fruits and vegetables. 3. Brush your teeth twice a day — Brushing and flossing aren’t just about keeping your breath fresh — these habits also influence the balance of bacteria in your mouth. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and focus on your gumline, which is where harmful bacteria tend to accumulate. It’s also wise to floss regularly, as forgetting this habit leaves behind food particles that feed pathogenic bacteria. For a more detailed look on how to brush and floss properly, read my article “Poor Oral Health Wreaks Havoc on Your Heart and Brain.” 4. Breathe through your nose, not your mouth — Breathing through your mouth reduces saliva production, which is not only important for the proper digestion of food, but also helps maintain a healthy oral microbiome. To counteract this issue, make a conscious effort to breathe through your nose. If nasal congestion makes this difficult due to issues such as allergies, address the root cause right away. For more information on how your breathing affects your health, read “Top Breathing Techniques for Better Health.” 5. Ditch antibacterial mouthwashes that kill good bacteria — If you use a mouthwash that claims to “kill 99.9% of germs,” you are wiping out both the good and bad bacteria in your mouth. This disrupts NO production and weakens your body’s ability to produce this beneficial compound. Instead, I recommend oil pulling, which is a great way to eliminate oral pathogens. Supercharge Your Oral Care Routine with Oil Pulling Essentially, oil pulling is the practice wherein you swish — not gargle — an oil throughout your mouth, drawing it through the spaces of your teeth. This pulls away bacteria hiding between your teeth and gums that brushing and flossing are unable to reach. • Oil pulling has a rich, storied history — While oil pulling might sound like a new trend, it’s actually an ancient technique rooted in traditional Indian folk medicine. I highly recommend you add this to your routine as it helps reduce your risk of tooth decay, bad breath and other oral conditions. Having said that, what oil is the best one to use? I generally recommend high-quality coconut oil, as it has natural antibacterial properties.19 • How to do oil pulling properly — Simply measure out a tablespoon of coconut oil and place it in your mouth. Thoroughly swish it using your cheeks and tongue, making sure it’s pulling between your teeth. To avoid muscle fatigue in your jaw muscles, relax them as you swish the oil, and make sure not to swallow it. You’ll know you’ve pulled correctly when the coconut oil becomes thick and milky white, signifying that bacteria has accumulated. • Don’t rush oil pulling — Swish for 20 minutes to get the best results. If you get the urge to swallow while pulling, just spit out the oil and start again. After you’re done, spit the oil into the garbage bin or in your yard (but not on your plants). Don’t spit it in your sink, as it may coat your drainage and lead to plumbing problems. Here’s another handy tip — increasing the pH level in your mouth after oil pulling will help reduce bacterial growth further. Just mix a teaspoon of baking soda in 6 ounces of water and gargle. This will alkalize the pH of your mouth, and since bacteria thrive in an acidic environment, the increased pH will discourage growth. You can read “Why Is Oil Pulling Suddenly All the Rage?” to learn more about the benefits of this technique. Choose a Biological Dentist for Further Care Biological dentists have undergone training that equips them to view and treat your oral health as an integral part of your overall health. They’re also trained in how to safely remove mercury fillings. To help you on your search, refer to the resources below: Consumers for Dental Choice Dental Amalgam Mercury Solutions (DAMS) — Email them here or call 651-644-4572 for an information packet Holistic Dental Association Huggins Applied Healing International Academy of Biological Dentistry and Medicine (IABDM) International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology (IAOMT) International Association of Mercury Safe Dentists Talk International Frequently Asked Questions on Oral Microbiome and Brain Health Q: How does the oral microbiome influence brain health and dementia risk? A: The oral microbiome, which consists of various bacteria in the mouth, plays a crucial role in brain health. Research has found that harmful bacteria like Prevotella intermedia are associated with cognitive decline, while beneficial bacteria such as Neisseria and Haemophilus support brain function by promoting NO production. An imbalance in oral bacteria contributes to inflammation, weakened blood-brain barrier integrity and an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. Q: What is nitric oxide, and why is it important for brain function? A: NO is a molecule essential for maintaining blood flow and vascular health, including circulation to the brain. Some oral bacteria contribute to NO production by breaking down nitrates from food. Higher NO levels are linked to better memory, attention and overall cognitive performance. Conversely, low NO levels have been associated with hypertension, stroke and an increased risk of dementia. Q: How does the APOE4 gene affect oral and brain health? A: People with the APOE4 gene, which increases the risk of Alzheimer’s, tend to have lower levels of beneficial oral bacteria and higher levels of harmful bacteria. This microbial imbalance leads to inflammation, NO deficiency and a weakened blood-brain barrier, allowing pathogens and toxins to enter the brain and accelerate cognitive decline. Q: What steps can you take to maintain a healthy oral microbiome and protect your brain? A: To support a healthy oral microbiome and brain health, eat nitrate-rich foods like leafy greens, beets and celery to boost NO production. Also, avoid processed sugars and refined carbs, which feed harmful bacteria. Taking care of your teeth is also important, so brush and floss regularly to prevent bacterial overgrowth. Other tips include breathing through your nose instead of your mouth to maintain saliva production and avoiding antibacterial mouthwashes. Q: What is oil pulling, and how does it benefit oral and brain health? A: Oil pulling is an ancient practice that involves swishing oil (such as coconut oil) in the mouth for about 20 minutes to remove harmful bacteria. This natural technique helps reduce oral pathogens and supports a balanced microbiome. After oil pulling, rinsing with a baking soda solution further helps by alkalizing the mouth and discouraging bacterial growth.